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PCB manufacturing is the procedure used to create the boards that serve as the base for the printed circuit board assembly. Choose your PCB fabrication company with care because even the smallest of mistakes could cause damage to the entire board which renders the finished product unusable. Communication between the design team and the manufacturer is essential, particularly since manufacturing has gone overseas. In this article we look at the essential information you need regarding this PCB fabricating process which includes the pre-processing, PCB fabrication in full and the considerations to take while choosing the best PCB fabrication firm. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PCB FABRICATION AND PCB ASSEMBLY PROCESS? PCB manufacturing along with PCB assembly comprise two separate components in PCB manufacturing. PCB fabrication process. PCB manufacturing is the method of transcribing a circuit board's design onto the physical design that makes up the panel. Contrastingly, PCB assembly is the procedure of putting components on the board in order to make it functional. PCB fabrication is often compared to the roads, pathways and zoning of a city. PCB assembly is actually the structure that allow the printed circuit board work. Information about PCB assembly can be located here.   STEPS BEFORE STARTING THE PCB FABRICATION PROCESS The process of creating the printed circuit boards is about the details. The initial design should be finished, since any component update that isn't synchronized could result in a flawed board design. This can include: • An entire engineering review of circuits • Synchronized layout and schematic databases • Full circuit simulation and signal integrity and analysis of power integrity • Examined PCB designs and limitations • The bill of materials and the design for manufacturing regulations are examined pcb design THE PCB FABRICATION PROCESS Laser Direct Imaging and Develop/Etch/Strip Process Before beginning work on the multi-layer printed circuit board Laser direct imaging (LDI) is applied to create areas that are later to become pads, traces and ground metal of the printed circuit board. 1. A dry film is bonded to the copper laminate. 2. The laser direct image exposes components of the board light in the form of an PCB design. 3. Any un-exposed areas on the surface will begin to develop away, leaving the remainder of the film to act as an the etch barrier 4. The remainder of the film acts as an etching barrier that will be removed from copper and reassembled to form the copper circuit. Following this the automated optical inspection examines the layers for any defects prior to when they are laminated. Any errors, including openings or shorts, can be rectified at this point.   Oxide and Lamination When all the layers have been removed, a chemical treatment known as oxide is applied to the layers inside printed circuit boards to increase the strength of the bond. Then, the layers of copper foil and prepreg are joined using pressure and heat. Prepreg is a material made of fiberglass made up of an epoxy resin, which melts due to the pressure and heat generated by lamination, which binds the layers to form an "PCB sandwich". It is essential to pay attention to ensure that the alignment of circuitry between layers is ensured.

PCB design is an integral part of any electronic product development project. PCB design uses a CAD software tool to create a 3D rendering of a PCB from a 2D schematic which is then used to manufacture the board. An optimized PCB design ensures the circuit board performs as desired and within the expected specification. PCB designers must follow a specific process that follows the steps of mechanical definition, critical placement, placement, critical routing, routing, final design rule checks, and creating outjobs.     • PCB Design Software Tools Many computer-aided design (CAD) software packages are available, some free and others requiring payment. Altium Designer, PADs, Allegro, and OrCAD, are the most commonly used PCB design software tools. For more simple designs and engineering students and hobbyists, free CAD tools such as Kicad and ExpressPCB. These tools are limited in handling more complex designs and have limited features in comparison.   Features and capabilities of PCB design software can vary quite a bit from tool to tool. An engineer or designer may often choose a particular tool because it has the necessary features other tools do not. The more basic PCB design tools provide much more basic functions and features. Software that companies must pay for offers more features and abilities, such as complex routing with design rules specified and routing signal simulation.   As PCBs become increasingly more complex and often on a much smaller footprint, paid-for software packages are often preferred, if not required.   • Schematic Capture One of the first steps in electronic product development is the creation of a design specification. This document describes the board's requirements and identifies critical components, signal speeds, differential pairs, etc.   Once the specification is complete, schematic capture can begin. PCB schematics used to be drawn by hand and sometimes still are, but most schematics are drawn or "captured" using CAD software.   A PCB schematic is a two-dimensional drawing that shows which components connect to other components and provides instructions on how to layout the traces on the board. Using CAD software, schematic symbols are created by the engineer for each component, which is then linked to a PCB footprint or land pattern. The footprints are created by the PCB Designer and define each component's physical dimensions, pin locations, and if it is SMT or thru-hole.     • Component Placement PCB design is taking the two-dimensional schematics and creating a three-dimensional rendering. Once the schematic is complete and mechanical specifications such as board size and shape, constraints, and drill information have been set, component placement is the first step in the PCB design process. PCB footprints must have all of the required information input before they can be placed in the design; they must have all of the relevant information defined   Before delving too deep into component placement, it is essential to roughly place components, often in related groups, to get an idea of where they will be located and whether or not they will all fit on the board. It is essential to consider how different components will communicate and the speed with which signals need to maintain. A rough placement exercise can also help determine how many layers will be required to obtain a stackup. Next comes critical routing, meaning traces with very tight constraints that the PCB designer will not move later. Once the critical routes are locked down, a more general placement is done. The final placement must be thoroughly reviewed because placement changes after routing has begun can result in having to rip up and redo work.   • Routing Routing is connecting the components with traces as directed by the schematic. For complex designs with many constraints and requirements, some software tools allow the designer to input a set of design rules. If a rule is broken, it will be flagged during a design rule check. Then a netlist, a text-based file, is generated from the schematic. The netlist contains information such as reference designators and pin numbers. It also shows which components need to connect to other components.   The first step of routing is to lay down the critical routes. These are routes where signals must travel at a particular speed, make the connection within a required time constraint, or differential pairs. These will be locked down when complete. Critical routes are completed first, where the size and length of the trace are crucial. The rest of the routes are then laid down, usually in the order of difficulty or complexity. These traces often move up and down through layers through different types of vias. The PCB designer must do a final detailed review, and all DRC violations are either fixed or cleared.   • Manufacturing Outputs Once the PCB design process is complete and approved, the data for manufacturing are generated. The Gerber files are images used to show the different layers and will be used with a photo plotter for fabrication. Other files needed for fabrication are silkscreen, soldermask, and NC drill and routing.   For assembly, a whole other set of files is used to program the various machines involved in the process. These include a bill of materials (BOM), so the components can be sourced and purchased, a pick-and-place file used to program the pick-and-place machine, and the netlist for functional testing and inspection.

This time PCB Kingtech will review the fundamentals of creating manufacturing designs for PCBs and manufacturing. If you re working on a PCB layout, you're working on a file specifically designed for your CAD software. It's not a universal format type, and it contains details that the manufacturer of the PCB doesn't require. This is the reason you need create a different type of file (with an exception we'll go over in the final section of the article) before you can transform your virtual layout into a real circuit board. Guide to Ordering and Assembling Printed Circuit Boards This piece is part a series PCB Schematic and Board Layout How to Generate Manufacturing Files for Custom Printed Circuit Boards How to Choose a PCB Manufacturer What Is a Gerber File? The most commonly used file format used for PCB manufacturing is known as Gerber. If manufacturers request "Gerbers" or "Gerber files," they're refer to ASCIl files that are formatted in Gerber data. Gerber files are not designed to be a source of information. Gerber file is not aware of designs guidelines, network connectivity or component libraries. It is merely two-dimensional art which indicates where the manufacturing equipment will put the solder mask, copper or silkscreen. A single Gerber file contains the information needed for one PCB feature that is on one layer. So, if you've got two layers with each side having an solder mask and silkscreen, then you'll need to have six Gerber files. It is also possible to require an additional Gerber file to mark the outline of the board. The image below shows the screen of my CAD tool, and the corresponding Gerber files.   The layout is at the top. The images in the bottom depict the Gerber information that correspond to (left left to left to) the silkscreen on top and the solder mask on top the top copper and the bottom copper. I also included the outline of the board in every file just to show the board outline). This board is an C2 adapter that I developed to program and debug Silicon Labs microcontrollers. Making Gerber files can be a bit complex. It involves a number of parameters, and the different manufacturers have different specifications. The screen below shows the options available to take into consideration when creating Gerber files using DipTrace. If you're not sure if you have any experience with Gerber generation I would suggest following the steps Choose one that has specific guidelines for creating Gerber files using specific CAD tools. Then, you can use some of these programs to design your circuit. If you follow the directions with care, you'll definitely avoid the two possible outcomes of insufficient Gerber files delays in the process of manufacturing (more likely) or a non- functional PCB (nowadays most likely quite uncommon). The Drill File It is also necessary to create a file that shows the location and size of each hole to be drilled into the PCB, i.e. that includes through holes (for fixing parts) as well as vias. This file is known as"the NC (numeric control) drill file. You might also find "Excellon drill file" (which originates from Excellon Automation the company that manufactures equipment for PCB production). It is recommended is to follow the specific instructions from the manufacturer of PCBs. ODB++ vs. Gerbers   Geroer files are accepted by all and I would suggest that you spend the time to become familiar with Gerber generation. You can then gradually develop the Gerber routine that will allow you to swiftly and easily build your PCB manufacturing documents. In some instances, it is recommended to utilize ODBone or two files. It is true having to manage multiple Gerber files can be quite a hassle and that's one advantages that comes with using the ODB++ format: it's a single data arrangement that (in my experiences) can be created without a lot of input from the creator. I was able to fabricate a board with ODB files, however I observed some peculiar issues that brought me to Gerbers. I'm not saying ODB++ isn't problematic in itself however ultimately, it's irrelevant-if my CAD program isn't able create the files or if the fab house doesn't know how to interpret the format, it's not useful for me. If you've had consistently good results using ODBand ++ please let us know by leaving a comment in the section. It would certainly be beneficial if we could slowly move towards a move away from Gerbers and move to an easier and more robust method of packaging and transfer PCB manufacturing information. Project Files vs. Manufacturing Files If you'd like to avoid creating any kind or manufacturing files, then you should find a PCB manufacturer which accepts your CAD program's project files. I'm assuming that the manufacturer employs some automated method to generate Gerbers from your project file This is advantageous not only for saving your time, but it also means that the fab house staff will (presumably) be aware of the best way to create files appropriate for the equipment they use. The next section contains information about a manufacturer who accepts projects. In the next article PCB Kingtech cover the selection of a PCB manufacturer who can make your design, and also the options for assembly.

Printed circuit boards are internal components that send electrical signals to electronic devices. Each time you switch on your computer or click an icon on a cellphone, radio alarm, and stereo device, you're communicating with the printed circuit boards, found in the enclosures of these devices. When electricity serves as the bloodstream of electronics printed circuit boards serve as essential internal organs. In the current world of devices that are heavily dependent many people aren't aware of the intricate circuitry that is contained inside every smartphone or the portable player for MP3. In the absence of printed circuit boards the modern technology of today would never become feasible.   WHAT ARE PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS? PCBs are printed circuit boards. (PCB) is a type of substrate that has electrical components that are etched on. PCBs are available in single, double-layer, and multi-layer designs with copper layers that are corresponding. The most dense PCBs comprise several layers. They are made up of plated holes that connect conductors from various layers. On more sophisticated PCBs the substrate may be covered with resistors, capacitors as well as other parts. The layers of the majority of firm PCBs typically consist of the substrate made of glass epoxy FR-4. PCBs are a part of virtually all electronic devices, except the most basic of devices. Designing a PC requires intricate circuit details, however the assembly and manufacturing of PCBs are easily carried out. Because PCBs are wired, mounted components that are just one piece making them mass-produced, production of PCBs is an easy affordable and usually free of errors, particularly when contrasted with other wiring options such as point- to point and wire wrap. The PCB acronym can be applied to board assemblies and bare boards. If a piece of equipment has copper connectionsbut does not have embedded parts, the most appropriate title is printed wiring board, even though the term is virtually gone of the word "printed wiring board" from modern terminology. Other more popular terms are the printed circuit board as well as printed circuit assembly. It is a PCB containing electronic components.   WHERE ARE PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS USED? PCBs are a must in an array of electronic devices and computer parts. PCBs in their current form are in use since the 1960s in the past, as they were used of cash registers, calculators as well as other basic devices with electrical circuits. Since the 70s, PCBs started showing up in electronic watches, as well as some of the first video games, as well as personal computers. In the 1980s, PCBs were found in alarm radios as well as video cassette recorders Atari games consoles laserdisc and CD players, and cordless phones. The 1990s saw the ever-increasingly advanced and miniaturized PCB was the reason for the widespread use of desktop computers as well as peripheral devices such as scanners and printers to the majority of Americans. The rapid development of electronic devices in the last decade has resulted in more compact and lighter PCBs, with larger capacities than boards of the past. Smartphones, for instance are now smaller and yet are able to withstand any damage. The same trend was observed over the course of 12 years of portable MP3 players. They have evolved from the heavy weight, bulky Archos players in the early 2000s, to the sleek, light iPod Nano models, which are in high demand with listeners traveling. The advancement of chip components that offer greater flexibility has led to the miniaturization of devices. Thanks to Micro ball grid arrays and smaller boards that companies are now able to create tiny computer-controlled devices, knowing that PCBs can be compact enough to fit in the enclosure in which they are placed. This is in contrast to older PCBs that were larger, and the dimensions of the board could dictate the dimensions of the device that was enclosed.    

PCB manufacturing is the procedure used to create the boards that serve as the base for the printed circuit board assembly. Choose your PCB fabrication company with care because even the smallest of mistakes could cause damage to the entire board which renders the finished product unusable. Communication between the design team and the manufacturer is essential, particularly since manufacturing has gone overseas. In this article we look at the essential information you need regarding this PCB fabricating process which includes the pre-processing, PCB fabrication in full and the considerations to take while choosing the best PCB fabrication firm. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PCB FABRICATION AND PCB ASSEMBLY PROCESS? PCB manufacturing along with PCB assembly comprise two separate components in PCB manufacturing. PCB fabrication process. PCB manufacturing is the method of transcribing a circuit board’s design onto the physical design that makes up the panel. Contrastingly, PCB assembly is the procedure of putting components on the board in order to make it functional. PCB fabrication is often compared to the roads, pathways and zoning of a city. PCB assembly is actually the structure that allow the printed circuit board work. Information about PCB assembly can be located here. STEPS BEFORE STARTING THE PCB FABRICATION PROCESS The process of creating the printed circuit boards is about the details. The initial design should be finished, since any component update that isn’t synchronized could result in a flawed board design. This can include: An entire engineering review of circuits Synchronized layout and schematic databases Full circuit simulation and signal integrity and analysis of power integrity Examined PCB designs and limitations The bill of materials and the design for manufacturing regulations are examined   THE PCB FABRICATION PROCESS Laser Direct Imaging and Develop/Etch/Strip Process Before beginning work on the multi-layer printed circuit board Laser direct imaging (LDI) is applied to create areas that are later to become pads, traces and ground metal of the printed circuit board. A dry film is bonded to the copper laminate. The laser direct image exposes components of the board light in the form of an PCB design. Any un-exposed areas on the surface will begin to develop away, leaving the remainder of the film to act as an the etch barrier The remainder of the film acts as an etching barrier that will be removed from copper and reassembled to form the copper circuit. Following this the automated optical inspection examines the layers for any defects prior to when they are laminated. Any errors, including openings or shorts, can be rectified at this point. Oxide and Lamination When all the layers have been removed, a chemical treatment known as oxide is applied to the layers inside printed circuit boards to increase the strength of the bond. Then, the layers of copper foil and prepreg are joined using pressure and heat. Prepreg is a material made of fiberglass made up of an epoxy resin, which melts due to the pressure and heat generated by lamination, which binds the layers to form an “PCB sandwich”. It is essential to pay attention to ensure that the alignment of circuitry between layers is ensured.   Video Player     00:00   00:20  

Hybrid PCBs Certain manufacturers mix laminate materials to create hybrid systems. One popular variant is rigid flexible PCBs. These are PCBs that have both rigid and flexible circuits are incorporated into a hybrid package that offers the benefits of flexible circuits as well as traditional PCBs. Certain parts are flexible which allows the board to bend into shape or stretched out thousands of times without affecting the continuity of electrical power. Others are rigid, allowing for the greater electrical routing density needed for contemporary electronic circuits.   Flexible flex boards often be the ideal packaging method for the current generation of electronic engineers.   Another popular hybrid option is to incorporate layering of Teflon materials inside a traditional polyimide PCB or FR4. The Teflon layers offer the electronic designer layers designed for high-speed signals, in an overall PCB that is manufactured.   Low and No-Flow Prepregs One component that is crucial to the manufacturing of rigid flex board is a low or no flow prepreg. Preparing no flow prepregs is done slightly like conventional prepregs. However, the resin is moved to a higher level of cure. This creates an uncured sheet which allows the resin to flow slightly however, not much. As with conventional prepregs the resin has reached an appropriate temperature the resin will melt and then harden.   In rigid flex circuit boards manufacturing, low and no flow prepregs are essential since they allow the flow of resin until the end of the portion of the board, but without spilling out onto the flexible portion that makes up the rest of the panel. If rigid flex makers used traditional prepregs, the resin would spill over the flexible section making them rigid. Low flow or no flow prepregs are often used to glue components to PCBs, such as stiffeners and heat sinks for flexible circuits because the rate of flow of resin is controlled and desirable.   Low flow and no flow prepregs are very scarce and designers should when creating a rigid flex board be sure to select the laminate system that comes with a none flow prepreg. Manufacturers of rigid flex cannot utilize conventional prepregs for rigid flexible design. Additionally, low and no flow prepregs can be limited in their use with heavier copper weights, as the resin doesn't have enough flow to adequately encapsulate circuitry. They also have specific manufacturing issues that must be taken into account to make them work effectively.   High-Quality PCBs From Kingtech Kingtech is one-stop PCB manufacturer which is affiliated with Guangdong Kingshine Electronic Technology Company Limited (Kingshine). Founded in 2001 in Huizhou Daya Bay, Guangdong Kingshine Electronic Technology Company Limited. (Kingshine) is now a national high technology enterprise specializing in PCB manufacturing.   Through 20 years of hard work, Kingshine has four full-process PCB manufacturing plants in Huizhou and Shenzhen. In 2021, total sales volume to be 2.2 billion yuan.   Factory Kingshine has plant area of 120,000 m. In 2019, annual capacity exceeds 2.6M m. Product layer : 1-48L, covering HDI, high-layer and special boards (copper-based, aluminum-based, ceramicbased, high-frequency, high-speed & thick copper), substrate board etc. to meet customers' needs for different applications. Kingshine adheres to its business philosophy of "mutual benefit, sustaining business" in order to provide efficient, secure and reliable PCB services to our customers, and to become a Global Leading Electronic PCB Solution Enterprise. Kingtech, is ISO 9001:2015 certified and we hold the following registrations as well as certifications: UL certified for rigid and flexible constructions that flex ITAR Registered The majority of the products are manufactured conforms to IPC 6013 Class Ill Contact us today to find out more about our PCB manufacturing capabilities.

What are Printed Circuit Boards Made Of? PCBs can make use of a range of materials for component and substrates. The selection of the material is contingent on the needs of the particular application, since different materials can give the circuits different characteristics that allow for better performance in specific conditions.   Designers may select materials based on their electrical performance in high-speed applications or thermal or mechanical endurance such as automotive under-the-hood applications. Designers can choose to comply with the requirements of a regulatory agency. For instance EU's Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directive prohibits the use of substances that contain all restricted chemicals and metals.   The most common factors to consider is whether the product are UL-certified, short to mean Underwriters Laboratories flame suppression characteristics. The score of UL is crucial for many electronic devices in order to ensure that in the case in the event of a fire the circuit board will not self-extinguish typically considered essential for consumer electronics and others.   Laminates are generally made of cloth fabrics and resins which have distinct insulative qualities. This includes dielectrics like FR4 epoxy Teflon Polyimide and others that make use of glass and resin coatings. A variety of distinct electrical and thermal aspects determine which one will work best for a particular PCB.   PCB designers must consider a variety of performance issues when they look at the material they choose to design their PCBs. Some of the most common aspects to consider include: Dielectric constant is a crucial indicator of electrical performance Flame retardance is a crucial aspect for UL certification (see above) The higher glass transition temperatures (Tg) for a better ability to endure higher temperatures for assembly processing Mitigated loss factors are essential for high speed applications where speed of signal is important. Mechanical strength that includes shear, tensile and various mechanical properties that could be required by the PCB when it is placed in service Performance of the thermal system is a crucial factor when operating in high-temperature service environments Dimensional stability, or, how much does the material shift and how frequently does it move in the course of manufacturing thermal cycles, and exposure to humidity   Here are some of the most well-known materials that are used in the production of circuit boards printed with electronic components: Prereg and epoxy laminate FR4 The FR4 laminate is the most sought-after PCB substrate material around the world. The term 'FR4' refers to a group of materials that meets the requirements of NEMA LI 1-1998 specifications. The materials in FR4 exhibit excellent electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties in addition to the favorable strength-to-weight ratio, which allows them to be used in a wide range of electronic applications. Laminates and prepregs of FR4 are made of glass cloth and epoxy resin and they are typically the cheapest PCB materials available. It is particularly preferred for PCBs that have lower layers of double or single sided to multilayered structures generally smaller than fourteen layers. Furthermore this base resin may be mixed with additives that significantly enhance its electrical, thermal performance and UL flame safety/rating which greatly enhances its capability to be utilized for higher-layer count designs as well as higher temperature stress applications and higher electrical performance with a lower cost for high-speed circuit designs. Pregregs and laminates FR4 can be used in a variety of ways, and are able to adapt using widely-accepted manufacturing methods with reliable yields. Polyimide laminates, and prepregs: Polyimide laminates have better temperatures than FR4 material and also an increase in electrical properties. Polyimides cost more than FR4, but they offer better durability in extreme and high temperatures. They also have a higher degree of stability when it comes to thermal cycling, and possess lower expansion capabilities, which makes them ideal for constructions with a higher number of layers. Bonding and Teflon ply: Bonding and laminates made of Teflon materials have outstanding electrical properties, which makes them ideal for high-speed circuitry applications. Teflon materials are more expensive than polyimide, but give designers the speed and performance they require. Teflon materials are able to be coated onto glass fabric, however, they it is also possible to make unsupported films or by using specific additives and fillers to enhance mechanical properties. The production of Teflon PCBs usually requires a skilled and trained workforce, special equipment and processes, and the anticipation of lower production yields. Flexible laminates These laminates, which are flexible and thin in thickness allow you to fold electronic designs without affecting electrical continuity. They do not use glass fabric to support them, but instead are built on a plastic sheet. They can be as a device folded in the one-time flex-to-install application, since they are in dynamic flex, which means that circuits will be continually folded throughout the life of the product. Flexible laminates can be constructed using higher temperatures of materials such as the polyimide or the LCP (liquid crystal polymer) or extremely inexpensive materials like polyethylene and pen. Because flexible laminates are extremely thin, making flexible circuits may also require a highly trained workforce, special equipment and processes, and also the anticipation of lower manufacturing yields. Other: There are many different bonding and laminate materials available on the market, including BT and cyanate ester ceramics or blended materials that mix resins in order to achieve distinct mechanical or electrical features. Since the quantities are far smaller than FR4 and manufacturing is much more complicated to produce, they are often considered to be more expensive alternatives for PCB designs. The selection of the right laminate is crucial to ensure that the PCB has the appropriate mechanical, dielectric, electrical and thermal properties to suit the final application.

KINGTECH TELL THE HISTORY OF PCBS Over the last 50 years the technical components of PCs have been measured down to micro-levels. In the 1960s the PCB used in a typical calculator was comprised of around 30 transistors. Nowadays, the PCB of an average computer contains millions of transistors on one chip located that is located on the motherboard. These advances have enabled the loading of ever-increasing levels of functionality into smaller and smaller devices. Furthermore, parts like resistors and capacitors have reduced to fractions of their previous sizes.   The new capabilities modern PCBs offer have accustomed users to instant activations of every possible trigger. It is likely that users of today's computer or mobile device could be frightened by a five seconds delay for a particular task. One of the most obvious signs of PCB change is the evolution of video games. They have evolved from the basic Pong systems in the 1970s to real-time gaming that allows gamers to compete and race through modern gaming consoles.   The history of circuits printed on paper to an era long before they were designed. The wheels were spinning when Benjamin Franklin flew a kite into a storm and discovered the electrical power of lightning.   1850-1900   One of the most notable aspects in the last half-century of 19th century was the technological advances in leaps and leaps and. Following that of the Civil War, cities up and across on the East Coast and across the Midwest were equipped with electric power, which eliminated the need for coal and heating oil. As electricity became more widespread, suburban areas and rural areas were connected to the newly-established power grid. Oil, however, almost was no longer needed until the advent of automobiles introduced gasoline at the time of the turn of the century. The development of electricity was the precursor to the arrival of light bullos, telephones and consumer cameras, which all came into the market in the latter quarter of 1800s. While the PCB existed in its own right during this time but the technology that paved the way for its eventual growth were mostly based in the latter part of the 19th century.   1900-1950   In 1903 German inventor Albert Hanson filed the first patent for a similar device to a PCB which he designed for telephone systems. It consisted of a flat conducting device that served as an insulating board with multiple layers. The board had through-holes and conductors both on the sides much as modern PCBs with plated through-holes. However, PCBs like this were not widely used in the new technologies of the 20th century's early years during which time there was the development of radios, phonographsand dryers, washing machines and vacuums. The year 1927 was the time Charles Ducas patented a version of the circuit board. He employed a stencil to draw wires onto a piece of paper using conductive ink. He then positioned an electronic path directly on an uninsulated surface. The stencil was referred to as printed wiring which was the basis for the current electroplating.   As the reckless excess that was the Gilded Age sank with the Titanic and the devastation of the Great War humbled nationalistic sentiments Man's greatest victory against nature came with the invention of the aircraft. With the failure in Prohibition, Americans were more than ever eager to escape machines and go to the nearest pub to drink gin under Deco-style lighting.   The Great Depression, triggered by the crash in stock markets of the month of October, 1929 was another negative for PCB advancement. The crash brought the frenzied lifestyle in The Jazz Age to an end and set the stage for a period of chains gangs, bread lines, and cramped tenements in which families had no money to purchase extravagant items.   The first major change in PCB-like technology took place following the attacks on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 completely shook America. The military intelligence thought they could have stopped this tragedy in the event that they had State Department had been better equipped to communicate with the Honolulu military base, where signs of imminent danger had been looming for a while prior to.   When the United States was embroiled with World War II, U.S. military personnel encountered the British device, known as the proximity fuse. This device provided artillery shells with the ability to hit precise targets over vast expanses of sea and land   It was the U.S. military ultimately embraced and adopted the idea that was behind proximity fuse technology, improving the concept and making it appropriate as a mass manufacturing.   Paul Eisler had a background in printing and was intrigued by the thought of printing electronic circuits onto boards, rather than soldering wires on with a hand. Unfortunately Eisler was a Jewish Eisler was attracted by the development of Nazism and was forced to flee Austria in 1936 and move to the less-than-friendly boundaries of England.   In 1941 in 1941, Eisler, a U.K.-based Austrian inventor, Eisler who invented the PCB concept, further developed it by introducing a device using copper foil placed on the base of a non-conductive glass, that is believed as the very first printed circuit board since it was designed to foreshadow the current top and bottom copper insulation on PCBs.   He developed a radio equipped with PCBs which would later prove to be valuable for military use.

PCBs are referred to as printed circuit boards (PCBs) are typically flat laminated composites composed of non-conductive substrate materials with copper circuitry layers placed internally or on exterior surfaces.   They can be as easy as a couple of layers of copper. In high-density applications they may contain more than fifty layers. The flat surface of the composite is perfect for supporting components which are soldered and connected to the PCB. copper conductors join the components electronically   The six components that comprise a typical printed circuit board include: Prepreg Laminate Copper foil Soldermask Nomenclature Finalization   Prepreg is a thin, glass fabric coated with resin and then dried using specific machines known as prepreg treaters. Glass is the mechanical substrate which is used to hold the resin in the right place. The resin - typically FR4 polyimide, epoxy, Teflon and many others begins as a liquid and is then coated on the fabric. When the prepreg is moved into the treater it goes into an oven section and then begins to dry. When it is out of the treater, it's dry to the point of touch.   If the prepreg is exposed higher temperatures, generally over 300o F it begins to melt and soften. As the resin in prepreg begins to melt, it reaches an extent (called thermosetting) that it re-hardens to become more rigid, and extremely, very durable. Despite its durability, laminate and prepreg tends to be quite lightweight. Prepreg sheets, also known as fiberglass are used in the manufacture of numerous things ranging from boats to golf clubs airplanes as well as the blades of wind turbines. It is also essential in the manufacturing of PCBs. Prepreg sheets are the ones we use to join the PCB to each other as well as the ones used to construct the second parof a PCB, which is the laminate.     Laminates, also known as copper-clad laminates, comprise of prereg pieces that are laminated with pressure and heat, with copper foil on both sides. After the resin has set, PCB laminates are like an unplastic composite, having copper foil sheets to both the sides.   We image and then etch away the copper foil to make the circuits on the laminated surfaces. These copper circuits become conductors, or electrical wiring, that are located on the exterior and internal layer of the boards. Once the laminate layers are printed and etched using the circuits, they're then laminated using the prepreg mentioned earlier.   Soldermask is the green coating of epoxy that protects the circuits that are on the outer layers on the boards. The circuits inside are hidden within those layers that are made of prepreg therefore they don't need being protected. The external layers, if not protected are likely to oxidize and become corroded in time. Soldermask protects the conductors that are on the outside part of the PCB.   Nomenclature, also known as silk screen, refers to the white text are visible on the top of the soldermask layer on PCB. Nomenclature is the name of the letters that indicates where each component will be placed on the board and can also indicate the orientation of components and orientation.   Nomenclature and soldermask are available in different colors, aside from white and green however, they are the most sought-after.   Soldermask safeguards all circuits that are located on the outer layer of the PCB, which are areas where there is no intention to connect components. It is also necessary to guard the exposed copper holes as well as pads that we intend to connect and attach components. To guard these areas and to ensure a durable quality solder-able surface, we generally employ metallic coatings including gold, nickel, tin/lead solder and other finishes created exclusively for PCB manufacturers..     Shenzhen Golden Tech Mirco Technology Co., Limited is one-stop PCB manufacturer which is affiliated with Guangdong Kingshine Electronic Technology Company Limited (Kingshine). Founded in 2001 in Huizhou Daya Bay, Guangdong Kingshine Electronic Technology Company Limited. (Kingshine) is now a national high technology enterprise specializing in PCB manufacturing. Through 20 years of hard work, Kingshine has four full-process PCB manufacturing plants in Huizhou and Shenzhen. In 2021, total sales volume to be 2.2 billion yuan.   The flexible and rigid PCBs that are flexible and rigid serve as the basis for extremely advanced electrical devices that be incorporated into small devices. It is also possible to be manufactured and designed to be extremely thin and light without compromising durability. These PCBs provide a superior quality of durability in environments that are prone to vibration and shock. Industries that typically employ rigid and flexible flex PCBs are military, medical, aerospace telecoms, and other industries.   This article will go over some of the most common materials employed to create printed circuit boards. It will discuss the properties of the materials, and the reasons why you should select Kingtech, as your printer for your circuit boards.  

KINGTECH CONTINUE TELL THE HISTORY OF PCBS   1950-2000   After the conclusion of World War Il came a return to normality as American servicemen returned after a long journey from Europe as well as in the Far East. Frank Sinatra notched hit after smash, Bobby Soxers traded leg-makeup for real nylons, and families were enthralled by new inventions such as the 33-rpm record album and the TV set. The close of Great Depression ushered the rise of the middle class that accelerated the growth of suburban areas across the suburbs of cities as well as across the middle of America.   The first major postwar use of PCBs began in 1947 through the Bell Labs transistor. In the years that followed, as Cold War tensions ramped up between the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1950s, both sides had to increase its communications capabilities to keep up-to-date with developments in the battlefield. Similar to when Elvis Presley first hit TV screens with his pelvis shaking for "Heartbreak Hotel," the U.S. Army patented the"Processing of Assembling Electrical Circuits" in 1956.   The first capability to store electricity and transmit information between copper trace components was coming to the point of.   In the aftermath of World War II, the United States set its eyes at the ultimate frontier the space. The advent of printed circuit boards has allowed space exploration in a way they were not aware of before. PCBs printed with circuit boards greatly improve the efficiency of spacecraft since they're light and don't use lots of power even while performing complex tasks. Energy and weight are major problems for spacecrafts and that's why PCBs are so well-liked.   The race was in the process of becoming the first into space. Soviets took on many fronts, sending the first satellite into orbit, Sputnik, in 1957. They then followed up their success by launching the first launch without manned to the moon as well as the first man-made orbit of the Earth in 1959 and 1961respectively.   The year 1963 was right when the U.S. ramped its own space adventures and JFK mourners prepared to face an invasion by the Beatles and the subsequent British Invasion - two innovations took place on PCB technology. One was a plated hole-through technology, and the other was a Hazeltine Corp. patent that allowed the integration of closely component space on the same motherboard, with no danger of conflict. Another innovation of that time involved the invention of the surface mount technology thanks to IBM. Both innovations were vital elements of Saturn rocket boosters.   In the wake of the psyched-out Technicolor 1960s transitioned to the coke-fueled, wide-fitting 70s. Texas Instruments engineer Jack Kilby created his first processor. Kilby invented the integrated circuit, which was able to see an explosion of adoption in electronic assembly. At this point, PCBs had become de standard in the field of computing technology. In the second half the decade the first personal computers were introduced beginning with the MITS Altair 8800 and IMSAl 8080 in 1975. They were then followed by an Apple 1. Apple 1 in April 1976.   While it was a step forward for its time technological advances of the 8-track Super 8, analog 1970s was soon surpassed by advanced technology of the surround-sound crystal clear, digital 1980s. In the same way that Michael Jackson moonwalked generation X into the video era and the decade witnessed PCB-powered devices     While it was a step forward for its time technological advances of the 8-track Super 8, analog 1970s was soon surpassed by advanced technology of the surround-sound crystal clear, digital 1980s. In the same way that Michael Jackson moonwalked generation X into the video era and the decade witnessed PCB-powered devices pop up in living rooms and pockets of every day Americans. Gadgets like VHS recorders and compact disc players Walkmans cordless phones, along with gaming consoles sent signals using PCBs. Personal computers as well as EDA software also made their way into the market at this time.   Whatever the 1990s been lacking in terms of cultural identity but it was a prosperous period in the field of PCB technology. The 1990s were a decade in which computers got smaller due to advances in PCB design, which allowed for greater gates to be placed on single chip. As more homes were internet-connected Internet initially via dial-up and then at the close in the decade via cables and DSL lines The personal computer was a common device.   Computers were no longer large, complicated machines that could trigger nuclear explosions with the click of a wrong buttonthey were now small portable, user-friendly devices that offered the world of information at the fingertips of everyone. PCBs also were a major element of mobile phones, which quickly surpassed the traditional antenna phone and become a standard status symbol in the late '90s.   With the rapid advancements in technology and miniaturization, there was a growing necessity to design PCBs with the possibility of modification with the intention of modification. While it was feasible to alter older PCBs using simple rewiring, modern boards included smaller parts which were more difficult to modify, even soldering. Therefore, PCB design became more of a specific procedure.   2000 and Beyond   In the 21st century, we have seen the advancements of the past 50 years, which have been incorporated into single, lightweight gadgets that can be carried anywhere. While you used to require an additional device for each purpose such as a phone to make calls or a calculator for math as well as a stereo to play music and movies, a TV for watching films and TV, a computer to access Internet access and a camera to take pictures and so on. You can now use all functions and watch all types of media using mobile devices like a laptop, tablet or mobile.   It is impossible to predict what the future holds regarding PCBs and the technologies they enable. As the conversation spreads about driverless cars, smart homes and Al, PCBs with various dimensions could be used in the electronic knobs and handles of computers in cars and structures. In the same way, PCBs could eventually be installed under those moving components of upcoming technologies such as co-working and military robots.   HOW DID PCBS MOVE FROM THE MILITARY TO THE CONSUMER WORLD? How do printed circuit boards evolve into the thing they are today, essential to every electronic device and computer in the world? It's actually the military to thank. It is the U.S. Army Signal Corps was able to find how to speed up production of PCBs by using auto-assembly. This process involves manufacturers laminate a thin layer of copper foil onto the base material. Then, they draw wire patterns using ink that is acid-resistant. The copper not covered by the ink is taken off from the wires, the ink-printed copper remain. The printer then prints the design onto the zinc plate and uses it as a reference to print more duplicates of the boards.   This made the development of PCBs significantly quicker, making it extremely cost-effective for the electronics industry of consumer electronics to make use of them.     QUALITY PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS FROM MILLENNIUM CIRCUITS LIMITED Since the advent of computers and electronics printed circuit boards have been able to contain the circuitry within them that allow devices to operate and perform their functions. In the absence of printed circuit boards post-war technology would not have reached its current technological sophistication and capacity. As the computing power of computers reaches its limit, the general public anticipates the future of drones for delivery, autonomous cars robots, smart appliances.   To be a part of this next wave in technological innovation, you'll require PCBs to perform the tasks that are being discussed. Contact Kingtech for a quick quote on PCBs.

The pebs that kingtech is talking about today is not the pebs that we produce, but an element below. What are PCBs? Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are blends of as many as 209 distinct chemical compounds that are chlorinated (known by the name congeners). There aren't any known natural sources for PCBs. PCBs can be described as liquids that are oily or solids that are light yellow to colorless. PCBs may exist in the air as a liquid. PCBs are not known to have any taste or smell. A variety of commercial PCB blends are marketed to the U.S. by the trade name Aroclor.   PCBs are utilized as coolants and fluids in capacitors, transformers and other electrical equipment due to the fact that they aren't easily burned and they are excellent insulation. PCBs were made but banned in the U.S. in 1977 because of the evidence that suggests they accumulate in the environment and could create harmful health consequences. Products that were manufactured prior to 1977 that could contain PCBs include older fluorescent lighting fixtures as well as electrical appliances that have PCB capacitors as well as old microscope and hydraulic oil. How do PCBs behave after they are exposed to the elements? • PCBs travelled through the air as well as water and soil in the course of their creation or use and then removal. They may result from leaks or spills that happen in their transportation, as well as from fires or leaks in products that contain PCBs. • PCBs are still released into the environment by hazardous waste sites and illegal or uninformed treatment of waste from industrial processes as well as consumers' products. They can also leak from older electrical transformers that contain PCBs and even burning some substances in burning incinerators. • PCBs won't degrade easily in the atmosphere and can remain in place for lengthy period of time. PCBs are able to travel for long distances in the air, and they can be placed in locations far from the point where they were released. When in water, only a tiny quantity of PCBs might remain in solution, however, the majority of them remain in organic matter as well as bottom sediments. PCBs are also extremely bonded to soil. • PCBs are absorbed by fish and small organisms in the water. They are also absorbed by other animals that consume these animals as food. PCBs are found inside the fish as well as marine mammal, accumulating to levels that could be times greater than those found in the water. How can I be subjected to the PCBs? • Utilizing old fluorescent lighting fixtures as well as electrical appliances and devices like refrigerators and television sets, which were manufactured over 30 years ago. These products could release small quantities of PCBs in the atmosphere when they become hot in operation and may be a cause of skin irritation. • Consuming foods that are contaminated. The most significant food source for PCBs is fish. particularly fishing caught by sport fishermen from contaminated rivers, lakes, as well as parts from Puget Sound. To minimize the risk of exposure to contaminants found in fish, adhere to our advice on eating fish. PCBs can also be found in dairy and meat products. • Exposure to air pollution near dangerous waste sites and drinking wells that have been contaminated water. • At work, during repairs or maintenance PCB transformers. • Accidents, fires or spills caused by fluorescent lights, transformers and other electrical devices from the past. • Removal of PCB materials. What are the effects of PCBs influence my health? The most frequently observed health adverse effects of people who are exposed to large quantities of PCBs are skin problems like acne and rashes. Studies on exposed workers have observed changes in urine and blood that could be indicative of liver damage. PCB exposures to the general population aren't likely to cause any liver or skin effects. The majority of the studies that examined health impacts on the health effects of PCBs for the entire population looked at children of mothers who had been exposure to PCBs.   Animals who ate foods that contained massive quantities of PCBs for only a short time period experienced minor liver damage, and some even died. Animals who consumed smaller amounts of PCBs in their diets over a period of months or weeks experienced various types of health adverse effects, including acne-like skin conditions, anemia and stomach, liver and thyroid gland damage. Other side effects that result from PCBs in animals are changes to the body's immune system as well as behavioral changes and diminished reproduction. PCBs do not appear to cause birth defects. PCBs and Cancer A few studies by researchers indicate that PCBs were linked to certain types of cancer in humans, including cancer of the biliary tract and liver. Rats who ate foods that contained significant amounts of PCBs for two years, developed liver cancer. It is believed that the Department of Health and Human Services has concluded that PCBs can reasonably be expected to cause cancer. The EPA as well as the International Agency for Research on Cancer have found that PCBs may be carcinogenic for human beings. What is the impact of PCBs impact children? Females who had been exposed to large amounts of PCBs in their work environments or ate large quantities of fish that were contaminated by PCBs were born with babies who weighed just a bit less than those born to women who didn't have the same exposures. Children born to mothers who consumed PCB-contaminated fish had abnormal responses to test of the infant's behavior. Some of these issues like issues with motor skills, and the loss of short-term memory, were observed for many years. Studies have also suggested an immune system is affected in babies who were born to or nursed by mothers exposed to high amounts of PCBs. There is no evidence of birth defects causing structural defects due to exposure to PCBs nor of health consequences of PCBs in older children. The most likely route that infants are affected by PCBs is through breast milk. Transplacental transfer of PCBs was also mentioned. In the majority of cases breastfeeding, the benefits outweigh any risk of being exposed to PCBs in milk of mothers.   What can families do to reduce the risk of being exposed to PCBs? • Children and you could get exposed to PCBs through eating fish in contaminated areas. To enjoy benefits from the health benefits of eating fish and minimize your exposure to contaminants, make sure you follow our recommendations for eating fish. • Children are advised not to play with old electrical appliances, devices, and transformers because they could contain PCBs. • Children should not be playing in the dirt around hazardous waste sites as well as those areas that have an explosion in a transformer. Also, children should be prevented from eating dirt or placing dirty hands, toys or other objects into their mouths. They should clean their hands often. • If you're exposed PCBs at work you can take them home on your body, clothes or other tools. Shower and change your clothes before leaving for work and workplace clothes should be kept apart from other clothes , and cleaned in a separate manner. Do you have a test for medical purposes to confirm if my body has been exposed PCBs? Tests are available to determine the levels of PCBs in your body fat, blood and breast milk, but they aren't routinely administered. A majority of people are found to have low levels of PCBs within their bodies due to the fact that nearly everyone has been exposure to PCBs. Tests can reveal whether you have PCB levels are high that could indicate previous exposure to higher levels of PCBs However, it is not able to determine how long or when you were exposed to PCBs or whether you'll experience health adverse effects.

PCB Kingtech continue with the basics of pcb design. Before validating the BOM file, be sure that all active parts are in the file. Parts should be validated in accordance with those fields as follows: Serial number. Part description Designers that match the schematic Quantity of the components MPN VPN DNI (do not install) components BOM or bill of material (BOM) A good example of BOMs. BOM Stack-up preparation in PCB design Stack-up is an essential feature in the fundamentals in PCB design. It defines the layout that a multilayer board is constructed in a sequence fashion. Stack-up gives information on the weights of copper and the thickness of the material which are essential for the manufacturing of circuit boards. If boards are properly stacked with precision, crosstalk and electromagnetic emissions are minimized, and quality of the signal is enhanced.   Be aware of your board's mechanical limitations that include the thickness of the board and the height of your components. It is essential to know the control impedance requirements as well as the number of differential pairs as they will affect how many layers are on your board. The density of routing on the circuit board will affect the amount of layers. Select the PCB material according to the speed of its rise time. PCB stack-up The typical PCB multilayer stack-up Check the manufacturing quality of your stack-up with our free Stack Up Planner. The following requirements are essential for the plannerto work: The PCB material (FR4 I-Speed, FR4, Rogers, etc.) is dependent of the frequencies required as well as the surrounding environment. Layers that include power and signal layers. These include power and signal. Imperative requirements for Impedance, like 500 single-ended, 900 differential or 1000 differential Copper thickness (1/2, 1 or 2 pounds) Stackup Planner by Sierra Circuits Take care to inspect the footprint you have created Schematic, BOM complete, and stack-up comprise the core on the circuit board. It is much easier to make footprints for specific components when they are included in standard packages. Most of the time footprints for standard programs are included within the library of the software (Altium Designer, Allegro, etc.). If not, you'll have to build it from the datasheet for the component. Make sure that library components conform to the recommended land pattern as described on the information sheet. After designing your footprint, do a quality check. Mark your component orientation. Footprints should be checked for bottom and top view, as well as pin pitch and the height. Making sure that you have a precise footprint in line with the pattern of the land will prevent problems when assembling. To determine the right part and the land pattern it is crucial to use the correct numbering key from the datasheet. Incorrect reading of the sheet can cause a wrong footprint, which could require complete re-design and fabrication for the board.   The image below shows an illustration of a key that is numbering as well as a range of footprints. The numbering key is located in the footprint. The numbering key is contained in the datasheet Model numbers for Footprint and the associated PINs A chart displaying the model numbers as well as their associated Pins Installation of components Once the design and mechanics of the board are done, the next step is to install components. A proper placement of components on a PCB results in higher performance and better signal quality. It begins by placing the components placed in the exact spots in accordance with the design specifications. They typically consist of connectors as well as their related components. After that, the major components, such as processors, memory and analog circuits are put in the correct positions. The next step is placing additional components like crystals, capacitors for decoupling, along with series resistors. Also, read How to place components in KiCad Be sure the mechanical drawing shows the location of mounting holes as well as other parts that require critical locations and rotation. Make sure to check if the drawing contains any height limitations on the top and bottom sides. The basics of the placement of components on the PCB Properly placed components should be placed on PCB PCB routing The process begins by establishing the design guidelines for the physical space and impedance regulations. The calculation of the width of the trace is to be determined according to the demands of the various circuits. Give appropriate rules to the nets according. Every trace that is controlled should have an uninterrupted reference plane layer.   The procedure of routing involves placing copper traces between nodes. The conductive path is determined by the positioning of traces, vias and arcs which connect the nodes. Following the routing, power/ground connection to the plane is established   High-Speed PCB Design Guide - Cover Image High-Speed PCB Design Guide 8 Chapters - 115 Pages - 150 Minute Read WHAT'S INSIDE: The reasons for signal integrity issues Knowing transmission lines, and controlling impedance The selection process for PCB materials with high-speed speed High-speed layout guidelines DOWNLOAD NOW PCB fabrication diagram A well-designed fabrication design will save time, cut expenses, and ease the burden. The drawing of fabrication contains details about the manufacturing process and the mechanical aspects of the circuit board. It contains information on stack-up as well as fabrication notes, IPC standards, and notes on impedance. The drawings of fab are provided as PDFs to the manufacturers. The fab drawing must contain all the details needed to make a piece of board. It must mainly comprise of: Dimensions of the board The outline of the board Chart of drilling Drawing Stack-up Copper trace and tolerance to etching PCB fabrication diagram A sample of a fabrication drawing Drawing of the board assembly The PCB assembly drawing has all the details necessary to construct the board. This drawing is available in pdf as well as .jpg format and could include component outlines, surfaces pad and through hole pads, as well as the polarity mark title and outline of the board.   In addition, the assembly drawing is composed of several key components such as: Component outline: Be sure you display all the components' shapes as well as their respective reference numbers to be soldered. Also, include components that will be press-fitted or affixed with mounting hardware. Views of additional views on double-sided boards typically require a view of the front as well as the backside. Both views are possible on one sheet if your PCB is small. Otherwise it is necessary to add more sheets. Manufacturing labels: identifying manufacturing labels like barcodes or assembly tags using the help of a pointer, and then linking them in notes. Assembly notes: They are a collection of instructions with assembly information as well as the industry's standards and requirements, as well as particular location for the feature. Final QC and exporting right Gerber files After the layout is completed, the last stage is to perform a set of tests. In this phase, DFM (design for manufacturability) is conducted to determine the fundamental issues that are associated with the layout. These tests will identify the possibility of issues occurring during the manufacturing process. With the Sierra Circuits superior DFM software, users are able to test the manufacturability of your design. The designs (in the format of Gerber) are scrutinized and the details of any design rule violations are displayed. Better DFM by Sierra Circuits The final list of deliverables must include all gerber files including assembly and fabrication diagrams, the drill file ODB++, IPC-356 and X-Y positioning files to be used in assembly. With this information, your fabrication company is able to perform designs for manufacture (DFM) along with design for assembly (DFA) tests using the board. Please let us know in the comments section if your desire to know more about designs for PCBs, production and assembly. PCB kingtech will be more than happy to assist you.